Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology · Published 2026-04-01 · DOI 10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_54_26
Background: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share a bidirectional inflammatory relationship. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) antioxidant biomarkers uric acid (UA) and albumin (ALB) may reflect local redox status and periodontal disease severity. Objective: To evaluate GCF UA and ALB levels across different stages and grades of periodontitis in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals using the 2017 classification system. Methods: One hundred and twenty participants were allocated equally into three groups (n = 40 each): periodontally healthy controls, nondiabetic patients with Stage II Grade A periodontitis, and T2DM patients with Stage III Grade B/C periodontitis. GCF was collected using standardized paper strips and analyzed by ELISA. Intergroup comparisons used one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis; Spearman rank correlations assessed biomarker associations with probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Results: GCF UA was highest in healthy individuals (4.5 ± 0.7 mg/dL), followed by Stage II (3.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL) and Stage III diabetic groups (2.8 ± 0.5 mg/dL) (P < 0.001). ALB followed the same pattern: 21.4 ± 4.1, 10.5 ± 1.7, and 6.0 ± 1.0 mg/dL (P < 0.001). Both biomarkers correlated inversely with PPD and CAL (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: GCF UA and ALB declined progressively with increasing periodontal disease severity, with the lowest values in T2DM patients with advanced periodontitis, consistent with cumulative local antioxidant depletion. Findings require cautious interpretation given the cross-sectional design.
Abstract from DOAJ. Public domain (CC0 1.0).
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