Research map: Beyond Glycemic Control: Metformin’s Multi-Target Role in Preventing and Treating Major Ocular Pathologies

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  1. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020 · Harry A. Quigley · 2006 · 7488 citations · Cited by this paper
  2. Comparison of Two Preservative-Free Artificial Tears with Sodium Hyaluronate for Relief of Dry Eye Symptoms: A Randomized, Investigator-Masked Study · 2025 · Related
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  11. Metformin Activates AMPK through the Lysosomal Pathway · Chen‐Song Zhang · 2016 · 289 citations · Cited by this paper
  12. Effect of pH and Benzalkonium Chloride in Low-Dose Atropine on Pupil Dilation in Dutch Belted Rabbits · 2026 · Related
  13. AMPK Activation by Metformin Suppresses Abnormal Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Adipose Tissue and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Obesity · Ting Luo · 2016 · 179 citations · Cited by this paper
  14. miR-129-5p Modulates the ZEB1/2 Signaling Axis to Suppress Palmitic Acid-Induced Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Barrier Dysfunction in ARPE-19 Cells · 2026 · Related
  15. Stimulation of AMPK prevents degeneration of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium · Lei Xu · 2018 · 167 citations · Cited by this paper
  16. Drug-Related Uveitis: A Real-World Study Based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database · 2026 · Related
  17. Metformin suppresses retinal angiogenesis and inflammation in vitro and in vivo · Jing Yi Han · 2018 · 138 citations · Cited by this paper
  18. Cholesterol Conjugation Strategies to Enhance In Vivo Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated Exon Skipping in the Mouse Retina · 2026 · Related
  19. Association of Geroprotective Effects of Metformin and Risk of Open-Angle Glaucoma in Persons With Diabetes Mellitus · Hsien‐Chang Lin · 2015 · 122 citations · Cited by this paper
  20. Association of metformin use with primary open-angle glaucoma using data from the National Institutes of Health All of Us Program · 2025 · Related
  21. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy · Lindan Wei · 2022 · 116 citations · Cited by this paper
  22. Association of Metformin Use With Age-Related Macular Degeneration · Andrea L. Blitzer · 2021 · 112 citations · Cited by this paper
  23. Prevalence and predictors of Sjögren's syndrome in a prospective cohort of patients with aqueous-deficient dry eye · Melissa Liew · 2012 · 108 citations · Cited by this paper
  24. Metformin in therapeutic applications in human diseases: its mechanism of action and clinical study · Yang Du · 2022 · 80 citations · Cited by this paper
  25. Metformin inhibits methylglyoxal-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell death and retinopathy via AMPK-dependent mechanisms: Reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and upregulating glyoxalase 1 · Ponarulselvam Sekar · 2023 · 79 citations · Cited by this paper
  26. Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Suppresses Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats · Nilesh M. Kalariya · 2012 · 76 citations · Cited by this paper
  27. Association of Metformin Treatment with Reduced Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients · Yue Li · 2018 · 69 citations · Cited by this paper
  28. Metformin improves salivary gland inflammation and hypofunction in murine Sjögren’s syndrome · JW Kim · 2019 · 66 citations · Cited by this paper
  29. View on Metformin: Antidiabetic and Pleiotropic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Sex-Related Differences · Guglielmina Froldi · 2024 · 65 citations · Cited by this paper
  30. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Pathophysiology of Retinal Vascular Disease—Interplay Between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress · Jovana Srejovic · 2024 · 65 citations · Cited by this paper
  31. Metformin protects against retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury through AMPK-mediated mitochondrial fusion · Kun Zhang · 2023 · 62 citations · Cited by this paper
  32. Review: The Development of Risk Factors and Cytokines in Retinal Vein Occlusion · Yi Ping Tang · 2022 · 61 citations · Cited by this paper
  33. Rescue of Retinal Degeneration in rd1 Mice by Intravitreally Injected Metformin · A Luodan · 2019 · 60 citations · Cited by this paper
  34. Protective Effect of Metformin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells by Enhancing Autophagy through Activation of AMPK Pathway · Xia Zhao · 2020 · 59 citations · Cited by this paper
  35. Metformin targets mitochondrial complex I to lower blood glucose levels · Colleen R. Reczek · 2024 · 58 citations · Cited by this paper
  36. Role of metformin in inflammation · Yu Yue Feng · 2022 · 53 citations · Cited by this paper
  37. Molecular mechanisms underlying inherited photoreceptor degeneration as targets for therapeutic intervention · Andrea Bighinati · 2024 · 51 citations · Cited by this paper
  38. Metformin protects against retinal cell death in diabetic mice · Yoon Sook Kim · 2017 · 48 citations · Cited by this paper
  39. Dry eyes in patients with diabetes mellitus · Gabriela Roncholeta de Freitas Freitas · 2020 · 47 citations · Cited by this paper

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