Research map: Immunometabolic reprogramming in multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic amplifier to therapeutic target in neuroinflammation and remyelination

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  1. The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome–mediated inflammatory disease · Yun‐Hee Youm · 2015 · 2174 citations · Cited by this paper
  2. Targeting the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in multiple sclerosis: Implications for immunomodulation and neuroprotection · Ahmed Salem Al-Dhahi · 2026 · Cites this paper
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  5. A HIF1A variant impacts long-term disability and smoldering inflammation in multiple sclerosis · 2026 · Related
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  8. HIF1α–dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and Treg cells · Lewis Z. Shi · 2011 · 1833 citations · Cited by this paper
  9. Treatment Effects on Chronic Active Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives · 2026 · Related
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  12. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients · Ranjan Kumar Dutta · 2006 · 845 citations · Cited by this paper
  13. Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Multiple Sclerosis · 2026 · Related
  14. Digoxin and other cardiac glycosides inhibit HIF-1α synthesis and block tumor growth · Huafeng Zhang · 2008 · 626 citations · Cited by this paper
  15. The dual role of the COX-2/PGE2 Axis in multiple sclerosis: From pathogenesis to pharmacological inhibition · 2025 · Related
  16. Digoxin and its derivatives suppress TH17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORγt activity · Jun Ryul Huh · 2011 · 540 citations · Cited by this paper
  17. Treg Susceptibility to Cladribine-Induced Depletion Correlates With Therapy Response in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis · 2025 · Related
  18. Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase suppresses fatty acid synthesis and tumor growth of non-small-cell lung cancer in preclinical models · Robert Svensson · 2016 · 538 citations · Cited by this paper
  19. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in prostate cancer: Molecular dysregulation, therapeutic advances, and future directions · 2026 · Related
  20. Early TCR Signaling Induces Rapid Aerobic Glycolysis Enabling Distinct Acute T Cell Effector Functions · Ashley V. Menk · 2018 · 508 citations · Cited by this paper
  21. Targeting the microbiome-NLRP3-ferroptosis axis in multiple sclerosis: Neuropharmacological implications for microglial dysfunction and demyelination · 2026 · Related
  22. Metformin Restores CNS Remyelination Capacity by Rejuvenating Aged Stem Cells · Björn Neumann · 2019 · 462 citations · Cited by this paper
  23. Statin-induced inhibition of the Rho-signaling pathway activates PPARα and induces HDL apoA-I · Genevieve Elizabeth Martin · 2001 · 418 citations · Cited by this paper
  24. NAD+-Dependent Activation of Sirt1 Corrects the Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Mitochondrial Disease · Raffaele Cerutti · 2014 · 353 citations · Cited by this paper
  25. Microglia and macrophage metabolism in CNS injury and disease: The role of immunometabolism in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma · Nicholas A. Devanney · 2020 · 314 citations · Cited by this paper
  26. Early glycolytic reprogramming controls microglial inflammatory activation · Junjie Cheng · 2021 · 293 citations · Cited by this paper
  27. Type I Interferon (IFN)-Regulated Activation of Canonical and Non-Canonical Signaling Pathways · Candice Mazewski · 2020 · 206 citations · Cited by this paper
  28. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis · Julia Krämer · 2023 · 202 citations · Cited by this paper
  29. Safety and efficacy of tolebrutinib, an oral brain-penetrant BTK inhibitor, in relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial · Daniel S. Reich · 2021 · 200 citations · Cited by this paper
  30. Imaging chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement · Francesca R. Bagnato · 2024 · 194 citations · Cited by this paper
  31. AMPK/SIRT1/PGC‐1α Signaling Pathway: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Strategies From Energy Homeostasis Regulation to Disease Therapy · Junyang Chen · 2025 · 171 citations · Cited by this paper
  32. Glatiramer acetate: Mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis · Wiebke Schrempf · 2007 · 168 citations · Cited by this paper
  33. Differential plasticity and fate of brain-resident and recruited macrophages during the onset and resolution of neuroinflammation · Karen De Vlaminck · 2022 · 166 citations · Cited by this paper
  34. Resveratrol, an activator of SIRT1, induces protective autophagy in non-small-cell lung cancer via inhibiting Akt/mTOR and activating p38-MAPK · Jing Wang · 2018 · 164 citations · Cited by this paper
  35. Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation Play Critical Roles in Natural Killer Cell Receptor-Mediated Natural Killer Cell Functions · Zixi Wang · 2020 · 162 citations · Cited by this paper
  36. AICAr, a Widely Used AMPK Activator with Important AMPK-Independent Effects: A Systematic Review · Dora Višnjić · 2021 · 162 citations · Cited by this paper
  37. mTOR Signaling, Tregs and Immune Modulation · Nicole M. Chapman · 2014 · 152 citations · Cited by this paper
  38. Comprehensive systematic review summary: Disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis · Alexander D Rae-Grant · 2018 · 152 citations · Cited by this paper
  39. mTOR Complex 1 Signaling Regulates the Generation and Function of Central and Effector Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells · Im‐Hong Sun · 2018 · 148 citations · Cited by this paper

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