Journal of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery · Published 2026-01-01 · DOI 10.4103/jdds.jdds_13_26
Hyperpigmentation and skin aging are multifactorial dermatologic conditions driven by melanogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dermal structural changes. This review evaluates the role of depigmenting, antioxidant, and anti-aging agents used in topical therapy. Agents such as azelaic acid, arbutin, kojic acid, niacinamide, retinol, and vitamin C act through complementary pathways including tyrosinase inhibition, melanosome transfer reduction, antioxidant defense, and dermal remodeling. Clinical evidence supports the use of combination-based formulations targeting multiple pathways to improve pigmentation severity, skin tone uniformity, and overall skin quality. Compared to single-agent therapies, multi-mechanistic approaches may provide enhanced therapeutic outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of integrated strategies in managing hyperpigmentation and skin aging and support the development of optimized topical formulations for improved clinical outcomes.
Abstract from DOAJ. Public domain (CC0 1.0).
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