From forceps manipulation theory to cognitive support in robotic surgery: Conceptualizing “Level 0+” as a cognitive-support state in fully surgeon-controlled surgery

Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery · Published 2026-07-01 · DOI 10.1016/j.lers.2026.07.003

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Authors (3)

Yuji Nishizawa, Toshikazu Kawai, Atsushi Nishikawa

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Year
2026

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Nishizawa, Y., Kawai, T., Nishikawa, A. (2026). From forceps manipulation theory to cognitive support in robotic surgery: Conceptualizing “Level 0+” as a cognitive-support state in fully surgeon-controlled surgery. Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Robotic Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lers.2026.07.003

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