PeerJ · Published 2026-07-27 · DOI 10.7717/peerj.21606
Xiaodan Bi, Bing Liu, Bing Li, Meirong Zhao, Huimin Tian, Jianxing Chen
Background Deer antler is the only mammalian organ capable of periodic complete regeneration. Its astonishing growth rate—reaching several centimeters per day—provides a unique model for research in tissue regeneration and developmental biology. This rapid growth relies on the protective and signaling functions of the skin, as well as the vigorous proliferation and differentiation capacity of mesenchymal cells. Although previous studies have identified some key factors involved in antler growth, systematically comparing the transcriptomic profiles of these two core tissues (skin and mesenchyme) to identify candidate genes regulating their synergistic growth is crucial for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying this “ultra-fast” growth. Methods The Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform was used to perform transcriptome sequencing on the antler tissues of the Cervus elaphus xanthopygus (Dongbei red deer) with a growth period of approximately 60 days. Bioinformatics methods were used to identify the transcriptional expression of genes in the antler tissues, and the expression levels of some genes were tested by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results A total of 109.82 Gb of transcriptome data was generated from the skin and mesenchymal tissues of antlers, and 40,023 transcripts were obtained. There were 3,530 genes with differential expression between the skin and the mesenchymal tissues of antlers. Genes with upregulated expression levels in the mesenchymal layer were enriched in phosphate-containing compound metabolic processes and multiple biological processes related to bone development such as skeletal system development, cartilage development, regulation of ossification, and enamel mineralization. Among the genes enriched in the cancer pathway and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, those that may play an important role in the rapid growth process of deer antlers were screened, including MDM2, RPS6KB1, CASP3, BMP4, PTCH1, SOX-6, YWHAZ, and HSP90B1. Conclusions The discovery of these genes provides a reference for a further in-depth understanding of the mechanism of the rapid growth of antlers.
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Bi, X., Liu, B., Li, B., et al. (2026). Transcriptomic characterization of mesenchymal and skin tissues in Cervus elaphusxanthopygus antler and identification of growth-related candidate genes. PeerJ. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21606