Annals of Child Neurology · Published 2026-07-01 · DOI 10.26815/acn.2026.01515
Neuromodulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for drug-resistant epilepsy. For several modalities, long-term follow-up data are now available in adults; however, high-level evidence supporting their use in children remains limited. Vagus nerve stimulation has long been used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy in both adults and children. In contrast, responsive neurostimulation and deep brain stimulation are not formally approved for pediatric use worldwide, although they are offered off-label in select healthcare systems. This narrative review summarizes the current literature on neuromodulation for pediatric epilepsy, focusing on mechanisms of action, efficacy, patient selection, and safety.
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Choi, H. (2026). Neuromodulation for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children. Annals of Child Neurology. https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2026.01515