Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · Published 2026-07-02 · DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1703147
Kathryn K. Irish
IntroductionEmpathy research spans the social, natural, and clinical sciences, yet its translational impact has been limited by conflicting conceptual frameworks and incompatible methodologies. This paper addresses these barriers by introducing a transdisciplinary framework that consolidates predominant theories of empathy and integrates contemporary neuroscience findings.MethodsA conceptual synthesis was conducted to reconcile major theoretical perspectives and relevant neuroscience findings from empathy research. Cross-disciplinary constructs, mechanisms, and methodologies were examined and organized into an integrative framework intended to support interdisciplinary translation and collaboration.ResultsThe resulting transdisciplinary framework unites Theory of Mind and Theory of Embodied Simulation by conceptualizing empathy as a process of social perception. Empathic experience is organized into four stages: (1) physiological mirroring, (2) affective resonance and responding, (3) cognitive understanding, and (4) appraisal/decision. Each stage is linked to its theoretical origins and associated with proposed neural mechanisms underlying self-other awareness.DiscussionBy reframing empathy as a neutral process of social perception, rather than a subjective virtue or innate trait, this framework makes the construct more accessible to scientific inquiry. Conclusion: The proposed framework supports interdisciplinary synthesis and collaboration, thereby enhancing the translational potential of empathy research to inform clinical practice, civic engagement, and broader efforts to strengthen human connection.
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Irish, K. (2026). A transdisciplinary framework for empathy research. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2026.1703147